Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) originated in western North America and has since become a major pest of vegetables, fruit and ornamental crops across the US and around the world. F. occidentalis are small (1-2 mm long), slender, soft-bodied insects that are yellow to light brown in color; adults have distinctive fringed wings. It can develop quickly, going from egg to adult in two weeks or less at favorable temperatures. Adult females insert eggs into plant tissue under the epidermis….
Spodoptera exigua is a highly dispersive, polyphagous species that is a serious pest of vegetable, field and flower crops. Susceptible crops include asparagus, cabbage, pepper, tomato, lettuce, celery, strawberry, eggplant, sugar beet, alfalfa, and cotton. S. exigua is native to Southeast Asia but is now found in Africa, Southern Europe, Japan, Australia and North America. It lacks a diapause mechanism and can only overwinter successfully in warm regions or in greenhouses. Nevertheless, because of its dispersal abilities, S. exigua will…
Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a destructive pest of numerous crops worldwide. This sap-sucking insect affects plants via direct feeding and indirectly via plant viral disease transmission (more than 50 plant pathogenic viruses known). It has a very wide host range with at least 700 host plants being known world-wide. It can seriously affect most cucurbit and solanaceous vegetable crops as well as leafy vegetables, legumes, potato, ornamentals, stone fruits, oil seed rape, citrus, cotton or many other…
Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the world’s top 100 invasive organisms found on over 900 host plants all around the world. It is currently recognized as a complex of cryptic species with world wide distribution. The two most important phylogenetic groups of B. tabaci from an agricultural perspective are MEAM1 (Middle East-Asia Minor 1; also commonly known as biotype B) and MED (Mediterranean; including the commonly known biotype Q among others). It reportedly transmits over a…
One of IRAC’s key roles, coordinated by the Outreach (formerly Communication & Education / C&E) Team, is the dissemination of information that will promote good IRM practices around the world. This is done through the generation of printed (posters, handouts, etc.) and electronic (website, eTools, etc.) educational material that can be used by a wide audience. Members of IRAC are encouraged to give presentations and hold poster sessions at national and international meeting and conferences. A wide range of…
The IRAC Mode of Action Classification The definitive, global classification scheme on the target sites of acaricides and insecticides The IRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification is an essential tool for growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and other crop protection professionals. It guides the selection of appropriate acaricides and insecticides for use in effective and sustainable resistance management (IRM) strategies. English Arabic Bahasa(Indonesian) French German Hindi Italian Japanese Khmer Korean Mandarin Chinese Portugueuse Russian Spanish Tagalog (Philippines) Vietnamese The…
(Incorporating the OSR & Pollen Beetle Groups) Pyrethroid resistance has been recorded in European populations of the pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) since 1999, when it was first reported in Eastern France. Pyrethroid insecticides have long been favoured as the method of control for insect pests of oilseed rape and a lack of alternative insecticides with different modes of action, has ensured a continued high selection pressure for pyrethroid resistance. This has lead to the spread of resistant pollen beetle…