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Resistance management for sustainable agriculture and improved public health

The Training centre

The IRAC Training Centre presents a suite of educational materials explaining insecticide resistance and how to develop resistance management strategies

What is resistance?

Introduction

Mechanisms

How do we manage it?

Management

IPM

Mixtures

Monitoring

Modelling

PlayInsecticide Resistance Managementin 3 minutes
Available in English, Arabic, Bahasa (Indonesian), French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mandrin, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swahili, Tagalog (Philippines), Thai, Turkish and Vietnamese.
PlayThe importance of MoAin 3 minutes
Available in English, Arabic, Bahasa(Indonesian), French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swahili, Tagalog (Philippines), Thai, Turkish and Vietnamese.

IRAC Training Modules

Our training modules are educational programmes prepared and reviewed by insecticide resistance experts in their capacity as members of IRAC International.

  • Basic Module: Insecticide Resistance Training: Crop Protection

    Basic Module: Insecticide Resistance Training: Crop Protection

    Designed to introduce the basic concepts behind the development and management of insecticide resistance in agricultural and horticultural crops.

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  • Intermediate Module: Creating an Insecticide Resistance Management Program

    Intermediate Module: Creating an Insecticide Resistance Management Program

    Designed to provide information on how to practically manage insecticide resistance and implement an IRM program in agricultural and horticultural crops.

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  • Advanced Module: Organising an Integrated Resistance Management Campaign

    Advanced Module: Organising an Integrated Resistance Management Campaign

    Designed to provide guidance on how to set up a successful resistance management strategy that is sustainable.

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  • MoA Mechanisms

    MoA Mechanisms

    Developed by IRAC’s expert MoA Working Group explaining the major MoA mechanisms .

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IRAC Position papers

See more position papers

Factors impacting a resistance monitoring Program
Trends in IPM: A commentary from an IRAC Perspective
IRAC Guidance: Insect Control Failure and Insecticide Resistance

IRM Guidelines

See more guidelines

Lepidoptera IRM Guidelines
Sucking Pest IRM Guidelines
IRM Guidelines, Cereals, Europe (English)
Fall Armyworm IRM Guidelines

Teaching resources

Posters

See more posters

MOA Structures Poster (English)
Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle in Winter OSR Poster
Fall Armyworm Poster – Asia

Publications

See more publications

IRM and Industry: The Origins and Evolution of IRAC and the MoA Classification Scheme
MoA Brochure
IRAC IRM leaflet for growers

Documents

See more documents

MoA Classification
IRAC Test Methods – Introduction and Overview
Nematicide Resistance Risk Statement

References

Title Year Author(s) Publisher
What is the value of rotations to insecticide resistance management? 80(4):1671-1680. doi: 10.1002/ps.7939 2024 Madgwick PG, Kanitz R Pest Management Science
Insecticide mixtures-uses, benefits and considerations doi: 10.1002/ps.7980 2024 Sparks TC Pest Management Science
Is insecticide resistance a factor contributing to the increasing problems with Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Brazil? https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.8237 2024 Machado EP, Souza EM, Dias GS, Sacilotto MG, Omoto C Pest Management Science
Thrips parvispinus (Karny), an emerging invasive regulated pest in the United States 2024 Ahmed MZ, Revynthi AM, McKenzie CL, Osborne LS University of Florida
The molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in aphid crop pests Volume 156, 103937, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103937 2023 Bass C, Nauen R Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
First report of the kdr pyrethroid resistance mutation in a French population of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Vol 165, 106153 2023 Fontaine S, Caddoux L, Barrès B Crop Protection
Molecular characterization of pyrethroid resistance in field-collected populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Vol 43, No.3 2023 Müller V, Benjamin B, Lueke B, Mazzoni E, Pym A, Bass C, Nauen R Entomologia Generalis
Thirty-minute test to detect insecticide resistance under field conditions: the case of the Asian citrus psyllid Vol 79, 9, Pg 3159-3166 2023 Pardo-Melgarejo S, Rodríguez-Maciel JC, Pineda S, Lagunes-Tejeda A, Guzmán-Franco AW, Silva-Aguayo G, Ramírez-Sánchez AK Pest Management Science
Characterization and fitness cost of bifenthrin resistance in Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae 116(5):1795-1803 2023 Liu L, Wang S, Zuo J, Zhang X, Peng X, Wang K, Chen M Journal of Economic Entomology
Field evolved resistance to pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, organophosphates and macrolides in Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) from China. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128747 2023 Gong P, Li X, gao H, Wang C, Li M, Zhang Y, Li Xiangrui, Liu E, Zhu X Chemosphere
Impact of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mutation R81T on the response of European Myzus persicae populations to imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor in laboratory and in the field 187, 105187 2022 Mezei I, Valverde-Garcia P, Siebert MW, Gomez LE, Torné M, Watson GB Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Overexpression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and cytochrome P450 enzymes confers resistance to sulfoxaflor in field populations of the aphid, Myzus persicae 143, 103743 2022 Pym A, Umina PA, Reidy-Crofts J, Troczka BJ, Matthews A, Gardner J, Hunt BJ, van Rooyen AR, Edwards OR, Bass C Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
First report of voltage-gated sodium channel M918V and molecular diagnostics of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor R81T in the cotton aphid 143, 103743 2022 Pym A, Umina PA, Reidy-Crofts J, Troczka BJ, Matthews A, Gardner J, Hunt BJ, van Rooyen AR, Edwards OR, Bass C Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Host plants and insecticides shape the evolution of genetic and clonal diversity in a major aphid crop pest 15, 1653–1669 2022 Roy L, Barrès B, Capderrey C, Mahéo F, Micoud A, Hullé M, Simon J Evolutionary Applications
Spirotetramat resistance in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its association with the presence of the A2666V mutation 78, 4822–4831 2022 Umina PA, Bass C, van Rooyen AR, Chirgwin E, Arthur AL, Pym A, Mackisack J, Mathews A, Kirkland L Journal of Pesticide Science
Association of voltage-gated sodium channel mutations with field-evolved pyrethroid resistant phenotypes in soybean aphid and genetic markers for their detection 12, 12020 2022 Valmorbida I, Hohenstein JD, Coates BS, Bevilaqua JG, Menger J, Hodgson EW, Koch RL, O'Neal ME Science Reports
Mutations in the nAChR β1 subunit and overexpression of P450 genes are associated with high resistance to thiamethoxam in melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover 258, 110682 2022 Zhang H, Yang H, Dong W, Gu Z, Wang C, Chen A, Shi X, Gao X Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry And Molecular Biology
First report and population dynamics of the Tobacco Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny)(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on ridged gourd, Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxy in selected export fields in southern Ghana 123(2), 235-245 2022 Fening KO, Amouzou K, Hevi W, Forchibe EE, Billah MK, Wamonje FO Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics (JARTS)
Invasive pest, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) – a looming threat to Indian agriculture Vol 122, Issue 2, p211 2022 Rachana RR, Roselin P, Amutha M, Sireesha K, Reddy GN Current Science
Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across diferent world regions 95:17–39 2022 Desneux N, et. al. Journal of Pest Science
Resistance status and detoxification enzyme activity in ten populations of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Turkey, Crop Protection Vol. 141, 105488 2021 Döker I, Kazak C, Ay R Crop Protection
Integrated pest management strategies for cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) in oilseed rape. Vol. 14, (3), pp 267-286, DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12918 2021 Ortega-Ramos, P, Coston DJ, Seimandi-Corda, G, Mauchline AL, Cook SM GCB - Bioenergy
Long-term studies on the evolution of resistance of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to insecticides in Greece 111, 1–16 2021 Margaritopoulos J, Kati A, Voudouris C, Skouras P, Tsitsipis J Bulletin of Entomological Research
Global patterns in genomic diversity underpinning the evolution of insecticide resistance in the crop pest Myzus persicae 4, 847 2021 Singh KS, Cordeiro EMG, Troczka BJ, Pym A, Mackisack J, Mather TC, et. al. Communications Biology
Sulfoxaflor – A sulfoximine insecticide: Review and analysis of mode of action, resistance and cross-resistance 178, 104924 2021 Watson GB, Siebert MW, Wang NX, Loso MR, Sparks TC Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Functional validation of key cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and UDP-glycosyltransferase genes conferring cyantraniliprole resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover 176, 104879 2021 Zang X, Pan Y, Tian F, Li J, Xu H, Liu X, Chen X, Gao X, Peng T, Bi R, Shang Q Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Insecticide resistance in California populations of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis Vol 77, (5), Pg 2315-2323 2021 Byrne FJ, Redak RA Pest Management Science
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), genome: putative underpinnings of polyphagy, insecticide resistance potential and biology of a top worldwide pest https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6510-7 2020 Sparks ME, Bansal R, Benoit JB BMC Genomics
A Laboratory Diet-Overlay Bioassay to Monitor Resistance in Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) to Insecticides Commonly Used in the Mississippi Delta Vol. 20 (4):4 2020 Portilla M Journal of Insect Science
Molecular and genetic analysis of resistance to METI-I acaricides in Iranian populations of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Vol. 164, pg. 73-84 2020 Alavijeh ES, Khajehali J, Snoeck S, Panteleri R, Ghadamyari M, Jonckheere W, Bajda S, et. al. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Monitoring the Resistance of the Citrus Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) to Four Acaricides in Different Citrus Orchards in China Volume 113, Issue 2, Pages 918–923, 2020 Pan D, Dou W, Yuan G-R, Zhou Q-H, Wang JJ Pest Management Science
Investigating the status of pyrethroid resistance in UK populations of the cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) Vol 138, 105316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105316 2020 Willis CE, Foster SP, Zimmer CT, Elias J, Chang X, Field LM, Williamson MS, Davies TGE Crop Protection
A Global Survey on Diseases and Pests in Oilseed Rape—Current Challenges and Innovative Strategies of Control Volume 2, https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2020.590908 2020 Zheng X, Koopmann B, Ulber B, von Tiedemann A Frontiers in Agronomy
Identification and functional characterization of a novel acetyl-CoA carboxylase mutation associated with ketoenol resistance in Bemisia tabaci Vol. 166, 104583 2020 Lueke B, Douris V, Hopkinson JE, Maiwald F, Hertlein G, Papapostolou KM, Bielza P, Tsagkarakou A, Van Leeuwen T, Bass C, Vontas J, Nauen R Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Susceptibility of Euschistus heros and Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Selected Insecticides in Brazil Vol 113, (2) pg 924–931 2020 Somavilla JC, Reis AC, Gubiani P da S, Godoy DN, Stürmer GR, Bernardi O Journal of Economic Entomology
Pest Alert: Thrips parvispinus (Karny) FDACS-P-01926 2020 Soto-Adames FN Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry
Stability of neonicotinoid sensitivity in Frankliniella fusca populations found in agroecosystems of the southeastern USA Vol. 75 (6) pg. 1539-1545 2019 Chappell TM, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG Pest Management Science
Incidence of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in Bactericera cockerelli across Southwest U.S Vol 116, Pg 188-195 2019 Szczepaniec A, Varela KA, Kiani M, Paetzold L, Rush CM Crop Protection
The Abundance and Diversity of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Chili (Capsicum annum L.) and Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Bogor Vol. 19, No. 1, Pages: 33–41 2019 Hutasoit RT, Triwidodo H JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA
Netherlands Plant Protection Organization: Thrips parvispinus QS.Ent/2019/001 2019 Netherlands Plant Protection Organization Netherlands Plant Protection Organization
Insecticide resistance in the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta: patterns, spread, mechanisms, management and outlook 92:1329–1342 2019 Guedes RNC, Roditakis E, Campos MR, Haddi K, Bielza P, Siqueira HAA, Tsagkarakou A, Vontas J, Nauen R Journal of Pest Science
Monitoring resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) Spanish field populations to new chemical insecticides and the mechanisms involved DOI: 10.1002/ps.4791 2018 Bosch D, Rodríguez MA, Avilla J Pest Management Science
Insecticide resistance and control failure likelihood of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (MEAM1; B biotype): a Neotropical scenario Vol. 172 (1), pp. 88-99, DOI: 10.1111/aab.12404 2018 Dângelo RAC, Michereff-Filho M, Campos MR, da Silva PS, Guedes RNC Annals of Applied Biology
Mechanisms of resistance to three mite growth inhibitors of Tetranychus urticae in hops Vol. 108 (1), pp. 23-24. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485317000414 2018 Adesanya AW, Morales MA, Walsh DB, Lavine LC Bulletin of Entomological Research
The evolution of insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) of China in the period 2012–2016 Report 8, Article 4589. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22906-5 2018 Wu S-F, Zheng B, Zheng C, Mu X-C, Zhang Y, Hu J, Gao C-F, Shen J-L Scientific Reports
Evaluation of alternative mode of action insecticides in managing neonicotinoid-resistant Frankliniella fusca in cotton Vol. 113, Pg.56-63 2018 D'Ambrosio DA, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG Crop Protection
Neonicotinoid Insecticide Resistance in Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of Mississippi Volume 111, Issue 6, Pages 2824–2830, 2018 Darnell-Crumpton C, Catchot AL, Cook DR, Gore J, Dodds DM, Morsello SC, Musser FR Journal of Economic Entomology
Report of invasive thrips species, Thrips parvispinus (karny) (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) on dahlia rosea (Asteraceae) in Karnataka 24 (2), 175-176 2018 Rachana RR, Roselin P, Varatharajan R Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems
Review of the chemical control research on Halyomorpha halys in the USA 90:1021–1031 2017 Kuhar TP, Kamminga K Journal of Pest Science
Comparative analysis of the genetic basis of Cry1F resistance in two strains of Spodoptera frugiperda originated from Puerto Rico and Florida Vol. 146, pp. 47-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.03.013 2017 Camargo AM, Castenera P, Farinos GP, Huang F Journal Of Invertebrate Pathology
Cross-resistance to purified Bt proteins, Bt corn and Bt cotton in a Cry2Ab2-corn resistant strain of Spodoptera frugiperda Vol. 73, pp. 2495-2503. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4644 2017 Yang F, Kerns DL, Head GP, Price P, Huang F Pest Management Science
Determination of resistance and resistance mechanisms to thiacloprid in cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations collected from apple orchards in Isparta Province, Turkey Vol. 91, pp. 82-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.09.015 2017 İşci M, Ay R Crop Protection
The Use of F2 Screening for Detection of Resistance to Emamectin Benzoate, Chlorantraniliprole, and Indoxacarb in Australian Populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Vol. 110 (2), pp. 651-659. DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox037 2017 Bird LJ, Drynan LJ, Walker PW Journal of Economic Entomology
Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms Associated With the Resistance of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Lambda-Cyhalothrin and First Monitoring Tool Vol. 110 (2), pp. 598-606, DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow267 2017 Siegwart M, Thibord J-B, Olivares J, Hirn C, Elias J, Maugin S, Lavigne C Journal of Economic Entomology
Methoxyfenozide resistance of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae): cross-resistance patterns, stability and associated fitness costs Vol. 73 (1), pp. 254-261. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4296 2017 Shah RM, Shad SA, Abbas N Pest Management Science
Monitoring Trends in Insecticide Resistance of Field Populations of Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Guizhou Province, China Vol. 110 (2), pp. 641-650. DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox027 2017 Jin JX, Jin DC, Li WH, Cheng Y, Li FL, Ye ZC Journal of Economic Entomology
Susceptibility of Cry1F-maize resistant, heterozygous, and susceptible Spodoptera frugiperda to Bt proteins used in the transgenic cotton Vol. 98, pp. 128-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.023 2017 Yang F, Kerns DL, Head GP, Brown S, Huang F Crop Protection
The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus Vol. 7(1):587. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00486-0. 2017 Gong Y, Li T, Feng Y, Liu N Scientific Reports
Ryanodine receptor point mutations confer diamide insecticide resistance in tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Vol. 80, pp. 11-20. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.11.003 2017 Roditakis E, Steinbach D, Moritz G, Vasakis E, Stavrakaki M, Llias A, Garcia-Vidal L, del Rosario Martínez-Aguirre M, Bielza P, Morou E, Silva JE, Silva WM, Siqueira HAA, Iqbal S, Troczka BJ, Williamson MS, Bass C, Tsagkarakou A, Nauen R Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Metabolic resistance in Nilaparvata lugens to etofenprox, a non-ester pyrethroid insecticide Vol. 136, pp. 23-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.08.009 2017 Sun H, Yang B, Zhang Y, Liu Z Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Neonicotinoid insecticide resistance in the field populations of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) in Central China from 2011 to 2015 Vol. 20 (3), pp. 955-958. DOI: 10.1016/j.aspen.2017.07.004 2017 Zhang X, Liao X, Mao K, Yang P, Li D, Ali E, Wan H, Li J Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
A four-year survey on insecticide resistance and likelihood of chemical control failure for tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in the European/Asian region pp. 1-15, DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0900-x 2017 Roditakis E, Vasakis E, Garcia-Vidal L, del Rosario Martínez-Aguirre M, Rison JL, Haxaire-Lutun MO, Nauen R, Tsagkarakou A, Bielza P Journal of Pest Science
Insecticide resistance in Trialeurodes vaporariorum populations and novel diagnostics for kdr mutations DOI: 10.1002/ps.4674 2017 Kapantaidaki DE, Sadikoglou E, Tsakireli D, Kampanis V, Stavrakaki M, Schorn C, Llias A, Riga M, Tsiamis G, Nauen R, Skavdis G, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A Pest Management Science
Influence of the RDL A301S mutation in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens on the activity of phenylpyrazole insecticides DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.01.007 2017 Garrood WT, Zimmer CT, Gutbrod O, Lüke B, Williamson MS, Bass C, Nauen R, Davies TGE Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Genetics, cross-resistance and synergism of indoxacarb resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Vol. 73 (3), pp. 575-581. DOI: 10.1002/ps.4334 2017 Bird LJ Pest Management Science
Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Vol. 10 (1): 318, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2232-3. 2017 Dang K, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G, Lee CY Parasit Vectors
Insecticide resistance in field populations of Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in India Vol. 149 (3), pp. 399-407. DOI: 10.4039/tce.2017.3 2017 Shirale D, Patil M, Parimi S The Canadian Entomologist
Resistance to Dichelops melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in soybean genotypes of different maturity groups Vol. 76 (2), pp. 257-265 2017 Canassa VF, Baldin ELL, Bentivenha JPF, Pannuti LER, Lourenção AL Bragantia
Manual for testing insecticide susceptibility in rice planthoppers Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center 2017 Matsumura M, Sanada-Morimura S, Fujii T National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
Responses of neonicotinoid resistant and susceptible Frankliniella fusca life stages to multiple insecticide groups in cotton. Vol. 73 (10) pg. 2118-2130 2017 Huseth AS, D'Ambrosio DA, Kennedy GG Pest Management Science
Biology and demographic statistic of Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus) Vol. 14 No. 3, 107–116 2017 Hutasoit RT, Triwidodo H, Anwar R Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia
Monitoring and Mechanisms of Organophosphate Resistance in San José Scale 140(7): 507-516 2016 Buzzetti K, Chorbadjian RA, Fuentes-Contreras E, Gutiérrez M, Rios JC, Nauen R Journal Of Applied Entomology
Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes (Second edition) Global Malaria Programme 2016 Anon. World Health Organisation
Field-evolved resistance to insecticides in the invasive western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in China Vol. 72 (7) pp.1440-1444, DOI: 10.1002/ps.4200 2016 Wang ZH, Gong YJ, Jin GH, Li BY, Chen JC, Kang ZJ, Zhu L, Gao YL, Reitz S, Wei SJ Pest Management Science
Role of AChE in Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) Resistance to Carbamates and Organophosphates Agricultural and Biological Sciences, ISBN 978-953-51-2258-6 2016 Kostic M, Stankovic S, Kuzevski J InTech
Target site insensitivity mutations in the AChE enzyme confer resistance to organophosphorous insecticides in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) Vol. 126, pp. 85-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.08.002 2016 Malekmohammadi M, Galehdari H Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Incidence and characterization of resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in onion fields in Isfahan, Iran Vol. 129, pp. 28-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.013 2016 Nazemi A, Khajehali J, Van Leeuwen T Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Field resistance to spinosad in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) vol. 15 (12) pp. 2803-08. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61478-8 2016 Li D, Shang X, Reitz S, Nauen R, Lei Z, Lee SH, Gao Y Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Incidence and spread of knockdown resistance (kdr) in German Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) populations Vol. 46 (1), pp. 129-138. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12265 2016 Tebbe C, Breckheimer B, Racca P, Schorn C, Kleinhenz B, Nauen R EPPO/OEPP
Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems Vol. 7(1):2. DOI:10.3390/insects7010002. 2016 Zhu F, Lavine L, O’Neal S, Lavine M, Foss C, Walsh D Insects
High Levels of Resistance in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), to Neonicotinoid Insecticides. Vol. 53 (3), pp. 727-731. DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv253 2016 Romero A, Anderson TD Journal of Medical Entomology
Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from citrus groves of Punjab, Pakistan Vol. 86, pp. 62-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.04.010 2016 Naeem A, Freed S, Jin F, Akmal M, Mehmood M Crop Protection
Dominant Inheritance of Field-Evolved Resistance to Fipronil in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Vol. 109 (1), pp. 334-338. DOI: doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov317 2016 Wang X, Wu S, Gao W, Wu Y Journal of Economic Entomology
A three amino acid deletion in the transmembrane domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 subunit confers high-level resistance to spinosad in Plutella xylostella Vol. 71, pp. 29-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.001 2016 Wang J, Wang X, Lansdell SJ, Zhang J, Millar NS, Wu Y Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Mutation (G275E) of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-6 subunit is associated with high levels of resistance to spinosyns in Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) Vol. 131, 1-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.02.006 2016 Silva WM, Berger M, Bass C, Williamson MS, Moura DM, Ribeiro LM, Siqueira HA Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Risk assessment, cross-resistance potential, and biochemical mechanism of resistance to emamectin benzoate in field strain of house fly (Musca domestica Linnaeus) Vol. 151, pp. 133-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.077 2016 Khan HAA, Akram W, Khan T, Haider MS, Iqbal N, Zubair M Chemosphere
Toxicity and resistance of field collected Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) against insect growth regulator insecticides Vol. 115 (4), pp. 1385-1390. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4872-6 2016 Khan HAA, Akram W, Arshad M, Hafeez F Parasitology Research
Detoxifying enzyme studies on cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in field populations in Karnataka, India Vol. 56 (4), pp.346-352 2016 Halappa B, Patil RK Journal of Plant Protection Research
Frankliniella fusca resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides: an emerging challenge for cotton pest management in the eastern United States Vol 72 (10), pp. 1934-1945 2016 Huseth AS, Chappell TM, Langdon K, Morsello SC, Martin S, Greene JK, Herbert A, Jacobson AL, Reay-Jones FPF, Reed T, Reisig DD, Roberts PM, Smith R, Kennedy GG Pest Management Science
Involvement of Three Esterase Genes from Panonychus citri (McGregor) in Fenpropathrin Resistance Vol 17(8), 1361 2016 Shen X-M, Liao C-Y, Lu X-P, Wang Z, Wang J-J International Jouranal Molecular Sciences
Characterization and functional analysis of a novel glutathione S-transferase gene potentially associated with the abamectin resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor) Vol. 132, Pg. 72-80. 2016 Liao C-Y, Xia W-K, Feng Y-C, Li G, Liu H, Dou W, Wang J-J Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
Resistance Management for San José Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) 108(6): 2743-2752 2015 Buzzetti K, Chorbadjian RA, Nauen R Journal of Economic Entomology
Biochemistry and molecular characterisation of chlorpyrifos resistance in field strains of the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Vol.54 (4) pp. 376-384, DOI: 10.1111/aen.12140 2015 He M, Ai Z-X, Jiang Z-Q, Long Y-N, Zhang Y-L, He P Australian Journal of Entomology
Fipronil resistance in the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera): possible resistance mechanisms and cross-resistance 66 121-125.2010, DOI: 10.1111/aen.12140 2015 Tang J, Shao Y, Yang B, Liu Z Pest Management Science
First report of Tuta absoluta resistance to diamide insecticides Vol. 88 (1) pp. 9-16 2015 Roditakis E, Vasakis E, Grispou M, Stavrakaki M, Nauen R, Gravouil M, Bassi A Journal of Pest Science
Geographic spread, genetics and functional characteristics of ryanodine receptor based target-site resistance to diamide insecticides in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Vol. 63, pp.14-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.001 2015 Steinbach D, Gutbrod O, Lümmen P, Matthiesen S, Schorn C, Nauen R Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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