…sites for larval development, and can help manage the population. Larvicide application of BTi (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) has been used with success to minimise Black fly populations. Historically, programmes aimed at controlling river blindness used DDT applied to rivers to control the larvae. This was replaced with pyrethroids such as permethrin, organophosphates and carbamates. The larvicides are applied up-stream of the larval development sites and flow past the larvae, killing them. Whilst this was an effective control method, the ability…
…A mature female can produce several clutches of between 100 and 150 eggs. These eggs hatch within a day. The three larval instars last 4-5 days and the fly will remain a pupa for another 4-5 days before it emerges as an adult. The average life cycle from egg to adult under ideal conditions of 27-30ºC lasts 9-12 days. Adults are usually 6-7mm in length with red eyes and a gray thorax containing four dark lines and a pair of…
…When mature, larvae drop to the soil to go through the prepupal and pupal stages, and finally return to the plants as adults. Larvae and adults feed on flowers, buds, terminals, leaves, and fruit. Frankliniella occidentalis feed by rasping open plant cells and sucking up the cell contents. The damaged cells collapse, leaving bronzed or russeted areas on the leaves or fruits. Besides the direct plant damage this pest causes, F. occidentalis also transmits several species of destructive plant viruses…
…Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Tagalog (Philippines) and Vietnamese. Search online Our web-based classifications allows you to browse and filter to effective rotations of active ingredients. Search insecticides Search nematicides Get the app Browse the classification and chemical structures on your phone or tablet with our mobile app. Download the app Print the poster Understand the compounds behind the active ingredients in your IRM strategy. English French Japanese Chinese Portuguese Spanish Download nematicides The brochure Learn about mode of action with our…
…little as 21-24 days. Several biochemical mechanisms may contribute to the evolution of insecticide resistance in S. exigua. These mechanisms can act separately or in concert. Enhanced metabolic detoxification, including increased activity of esterases, mixed-function oxidases, and microsomal-O-demethylase. Target site insensitivity. Sequestration by proteases or esterases, efficient cellular repair or an increase in the immune response. Known resistance: Carbamates – Group 1A Organophosphates – Group 1B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) Group 2B Pyrethroids – Group 3A Neonicotinoids – Group 4A Spinosyns –…
…MOA Structure Poster as needed Target site mutation table Develop new MoA posters and update existing posters as required Develop MoA training slides MoA page – IRAC Website Provide additional information on topics important to MoA and IRM Update of MoA Charter Address issue of DIY classification Implement MoA Classification update notification list Useful Mode of Action Links Procedure for classifying a new insecticide Online form for classifying a new insecticide Mode of Action Labelling Guidance from CropLife International Comprehensive…
…leaves. To begin with, the eggs are greenish and turn black later on. The larvae feed on leaves, stems and bolls. After larvae have fed on the leaves, it appears as if large chunks of the leaves are missing. If the attack is severe, all of the green part of the leaf is missing and only veins are left behind. S. litura eggs hatch after 3-5 days, then the larvae feed for 2-3 weeks. The larvae go to the soil…
The IRAC Library of Susceptibility Test Methods A collection of standard, validated and easy-to-run methods for resistance detection in the world’s major insect pests. The IRAC Methods Team has worked in collaboration with experts in academia and other institutions to develop, validate and collate approved susceptibility test methods and make them available to all via it’s website . These methods are crucial for successful monitoring of resistance problems around the world. Find a method Search and filter by species, development…
…from Bayer Crop Science. What countries have IRAC Teams? The following countries have active IRAC teams: The Americas: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, and US Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Asia Regional Europe: Italy, Spain, Turkey and Europe Regional Africa, Middle-East: South Africa and Africa Middle-East Regional Australasia: Australia (run by CropLife Australia) About the IRAC website How can problems or errors on the website be reported? We aim to have the website and apps…
Leptinotarsa decemlineata is a common pest of solanaceae crops, especially potato, but also eggplant, tomato, pepper and tobacco. The adults appear from hibernation in May, feed on young leaves for 5-10 days, mate, and then immediately start with oviposition. Over a period of 4-5 weeks, each female lays up to ca. 1,000 eggs in clusters of 20-50 on the undersides of leaves. The larvae hatch 3-14 days later. They molt three times, and the four larval instars last 2-4 weeks….