Adults are up to 3 mm in length. The body colour is determined partly genetically, and partly by the environment (especially food quality). Most clones tend to be yellowish to dark green or brown, or sometimes orange-pink. The species spends its entire year on cereals and grasses. Only a small proportion of the population overwinters as eggs on Gramineae, and these hatch in early spring. The majority of the population overwinters as mobile stages on wild grasses or winter cereals…
Spodoptera exigua is a highly dispersive, polyphagous species that is a serious pest of vegetable, field and flower crops. Susceptible crops include asparagus, cabbage, pepper, tomato, lettuce, celery, strawberry, eggplant, sugar beet, alfalfa, and cotton. S. exigua is native to Southeast Asia but is now found in Africa, Southern Europe, Japan, Australia and North America. It lacks a diapause mechanism and can only overwinter successfully in warm regions or in greenhouses. Nevertheless, because of its dispersal abilities, S. exigua will…
Chilli (hot pepper) crop is mostly damaged by chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) and species such as Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzii of which T. tabaci and F. schultzii are present worldwide in peppers predominantly. Adding to the list of damaging thrips is the tobacco thrips or invasive thrips or Southeast Asian thrips, Thrips parvispinus. One of the first reports of T. parvispinus was by Waterhouse (1993) from Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia; later by Sartiami et. al….
M. persicae is a small green aphid and is the most significant aphid pest of peach trees, causing decreased growth, shriveling of the leaves and the death of various tissues. It is also hazardous because it acts as a vector for the transport of plant viruses, such as potato virus Y and potato leafroll virus to members of the nightshade/potato family Solanaceae, and various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. M. persicae is a globally significant crop pest that…
S . furcifera is a migratory insect that is one of the most important pest species on rice in many Asian countries but problematic pest throughout the main rice-growing areas of Oceania and Australia too. The nymphs and adults of S. furcifera are phloem feeders. They prefer young plants, but all growth stages can be attacked. Plant injury results mainly from the loss of water and nutrients with the extracted sap. In addition to causing direct damage, S. furcifera…
Cydia pomonella adults have a wingspan of about 15-22 mm. Their forewings are gray to dark brown and bear a copper-colored circular marking near the tip of the forewing; the hindwings are brown. The larvae are white when newly hatched, but soon become pink and are up to 20 mm long. C. pomonella females lay 50-100 single eggs each, directly on the developing fruits or on adjacent leaves or shoots. The larvae hatch 5-18 days later and shortly after they…
P. xylostella is a highly migratory, cosmopolitan species and one of the most important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. Globally, direct losses and control costs are estimated to be US$ 1 billion. In temperate regions, P. xylostella are unable to overwinter and therefore annual outbreaks are attributed to migration, but in tropical and subtropical regions there can be a large number of continuous generations per year. P. xylostella is considered to be one of the most difficult pests to control…
The housefly, Musca domestica, is a serious threat to human and animal health. Houseflies are vectors of more than 100 human and animal intestinal diseases. They are capable of transmitting parasites that cause diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, bacillary dysentery, infantile diarrhea, tuberculosis, plague, leprosy, yaws, samonellosis, trachoma, and anthrax. Animal health concerns include the transmission of pinkeye. Houseflies can carry streptococcus and staphylococcus which are responsible for mastitis in dairy cattle. They are also responsible for decreased feed…
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