The availability of standard, validated and easy-to-run methods for resistance detection in the world’s major insect pests is crucial for successful monitoring of resistance problems. Shown below are the IRAC Approved Test Methods which have been validated by IRAC member companies and collaborators to ensure that they provide reliable and reproducible data. Most tests are specific to particular life-history stages and can only be used with confidence for toxicants which have been validated in the development of the methodology. For more information…
Several species of this bug are responsible for the transmission of Chagas disease which is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). It is found mainly in endemic areas of 21 Latin American countries, where it is mostly vector-borne transmitted to humans by contact with faeces of triatomine bugs, known as ‘kissing bugs’, among other names, depending on the geographical area. Currently 4- 4.5 million people are estimated to be infected worldwide, mostly in…
The Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is an economically important pest of citrus globally. Although citrus is the main host, it can also infest other fruit trees including pome and stone fruits. Adult mites and their nymphs feed on the fruit, leaves and twigs of the host plant and can cause defoliation, discoloration and reduced quality of the fruits. It is thought that the citrus rust mite originates in Asia, but global transportation of plant stock and ornamental citrus plants…
San José scale (Comstockaspis perniciosa) is a polyphagous pest of deciduous fruit trees including apple, pear, peach, plum, currants; nut-bearing trees and some woody ornamentals. Comstockaspis perniciosa originated in Eastern Asia and has a global distribution due to accidental introductions. The lifecycle is completed in approximately 30 days, with development from two nymph stages, with the first instar referred to as crawlers, to prepupal (male only), pupa (male only) and adult. There can be one to five generations per year…
…Pesticide Resistance Database, there are papers that report insect’s resistance to carbofuran, endosulfan, endrin and monocrotophos. First report of resistance alleles to commercially available Cry1Ab Bt maize was published in 2007 from the US (Huang et al. 2007). Likewise, in Brazil, the resistance of the borer populations to Cry1Ab was variable with LC50 and EC50 values, reaching about 30-fold (Girón-Pérez et al. 2014). Larvae of the Cry1Ab-resistant strain are also highly resistant to Cry1Aa and Cry1Ac (Wu et al. 2009)….
…fruit. Although some pupation occurs on the tree in cracks and in crevices, about three-fourths of avocado thrips drop from trees to pupate in the upper layer of dry, undecomposed leaf litter. Pupae are rarely seen and they do not feed. Adults are 0.03 inch (0.7 mm) long and have fringed-tipped wings. Adults are orange-yellow with distinct thin brown bands between segments of their abdomen and three small red dots (ocelli) on top of the head. (UC Pest Management Guidelines)….
This moth is one of the most destructive pests of the tobacco. Other recorded food plants include cotton, rice and soybean. It is only found in the Americas from Canada to Argentina. Female can lay up to 2000 eggs, on buds, blossoms or young foliage. Depending on climatic conditions it can have several generations in each season. The life cycle is completed in about 7 weeks. Newly-hatched larvae usually begin feeding on tender leaf surfaces and other tender vegetation before…
Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a destructive pest of numerous crops worldwide. This sap-sucking insect affects plants via direct feeding and indirectly via plant viral disease transmission (more than 50 plant pathogenic viruses known). It has a very wide host range with at least 700 host plants being known world-wide. It can seriously affect most cucurbit and solanaceous vegetable crops as well as leafy vegetables, legumes, potato, ornamentals, stone fruits, oil seed rape, citrus, cotton or many other important…
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) Diptera: Agromyzidae is a leafminer pest native to the New World that has been introduced into many countries in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania. L. trifolii has a vast host range including vegetables and ornamentals from about 50 genera in several economically important plant families. Females cause punctures for oviposition and feeding that result in a stippled appearance on foliage. However, the most important damage is the mining of leaves by larvae, which can cause leaf drop,…