The availability of standard, validated and easy-to-run methods for resistance detection in the world’s major insect pests is crucial for successful monitoring of resistance problems. The IRAC Methods Team has worked to develop, validate and collate approved methods and make these available via the IRAC website and the online tool, eMethods. The work of the Methods Team involves interaction with other IRAC Teams and Working Groups as well as cooperation with external experts in academia and institutes. The Methods Team…
The availability of standard, validated and easy-to-run methods for resistance detection in the world’s major insect pests is crucial for successful monitoring of resistance problems. Shown below are the IRAC Approved Test Methods which have been validated by IRAC member companies and collaborators to ensure that they provide reliable and reproducible data. Most tests are specific to particular life-history stages and can only be used with confidence for toxicants which have been validated in the development of the methodology. For more information…
…flies. The scutellum is bright yellow; face, frons and third antennal segment also bright yellow. Keys for the identification of agromyzid leafminers can be found in Spencer and Steyskal (1986). Several species of parasitoid species have proved useful at reducing populations of this pest. Yellow sticky cards also reduce adult densities. However, chemical control is commonly used to protect plant foliage from leafminer injury, and very few insecticides are compatible with parasitoids. Insecticide resistance is recognized as a major problem….
…plants are most vulnerable after seedling emergence, but reduction in corn yield can still occur through leafhopper attacks during the vegetative period. Foliar and seed applied insecticides are the principal control method for this pest, with multiple applications being made during the vegetative period to prevent virus transmission. SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHOD No validated IRAC Method (July, 2024) Machado et al (2024) provides a description of a leaf-dip bioassay based on IRAC Method 19 with some adaptation. High levels of resistance…
San José scale (Comstockaspis perniciosa) is a polyphagous pest of deciduous fruit trees including apple, pear, peach, plum, currants; nut-bearing trees and some woody ornamentals. Comstockaspis perniciosa originated in Eastern Asia and has a global distribution due to accidental introductions. The lifecycle is completed in approximately 30 days, with development from two nymph stages, with the first instar referred to as crawlers, to prepupal (male only), pupa (male only) and adult. There can be one to five generations per year…